A high quality one can last the life of a chain.
OTOH, since a worn sprocket has an effect on the life of a chain, a chain may last longer if it is run on steel.
Are they as strong? No. If they were, you'd see a lot of aluminum countershaft sprockets too - and you don't.
The chain is made of steel. It will beat down an aluminum sprocket faster than a steel one. You can alloy aluminum to be pretty tough, but for the same thickness (which is required in a sprocket), you can never alloy it to be as strong as steel.
If you're racing or going for bling factor, go aluminum. If you want maximum strength and/or durabilty, steel.